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Shang Dynasty

What was the Shang Dynasty?

The Shang Dynasty was the first Chinese dynasty for which we have written and archaeological evidence.

Most historians now date the dynasty from 1600-1046 BC when it was succeeded by the Zhou Dynasty.

The Shang Dynasty was centred around the Yellow River in North East China but moved its capital on a number of occasions. The artistry of its craftsmen has made the dynasty famous for its bronze and jade work.

Top 10 facts

  1. The first ruler of the Shang was Tang Shang, a military leader. There were thirty Shang Emperors; a dynasty is a succession of rulers from the same family or line.
  2. The Shang built their houses and public buildings out of wood and mud. They built mud banks to try and hold back flooding. Defensive walls and towers were also built of mud.
  3. Shang society was divided into different classes. At the top were the ruling class under the royal family, then came priests, an administrative class, warriors, craftsmen, traders, farmers and slaves. Most people were farmers.
  4. Noble warriors paid tributes to the Emperor who granted them land in return for their loyalty.
  5. The Shang were specialists in bronze work and many beautiful artefacts have been recovered from their tombs.
  6. The Shang believed in a supreme God, Shang Di, as well as subsidiary powers or spirits. Ancestor worship and the family were central to their religious practice.They also believed in an afterlife and were buried with the goods, slaves and animals they believed would be useful to them.
  7. The Shang were the first Chinese to develop writing. They used pictographs, characters which could convey more than one meaning.
  8. The Shang year of 360 days was comprised of 12 months of 30 days. It was based on the lunar month and the solar year. An additional month was added when necessary.
  9. In order to predict the future, or ask questions of the gods, people would engrave questions on oracle bones (tortoise shells or cow bones). These would then be burned and the priests would ‘read’ the cracks which then appeared.
  10. Chinese people used to grind down these ancient animal bones to make traditional medicines. In 1899 some scholars noticed engravings on the bones and discovered they had come from North East China. In 1928 excavations began and evidence of the Shang was discovered.

Timeline

  • 1600 BC
    Start of Shang dynasty
  • c1650 BC
    City States form
  • c1500 BC
    Large scale bronze production occurs
  • c1400 BC
    Capital of dynasty is at Yin, near Anyang

  • c1200 BC
    Death of Lady Fu Hao; spoke-wheeled chariots in use
  • 1046 BC
    End of Shang Dynasty

Did you know?

  • The Shang dynasty was said to have come to power when Tang Shang defeated the evil King Jie of the Xia Dynasty, but historians believe that the Xia dynasty may be legendary rather than real.
  • Tai Wu, the ninth Shang Emperor, reportedly ruled for 75 years.
  • Lady Fu Hao was a Shang dynasty queen and military leader who died c1200 BC. She led an army of 10,000 men. Her tomb contains the remains of 16 slaves and six dogs who were sacrificed when she died.
  • The Shang enjoyed music and played ocarinas, pipes, drums, chimes, cymbals and bells.
  • Emperor Zhou, the last Shang Emperor, was said to have been very cruel. He was overthrown by Wu who became founder of the Zhou dynasty.
  • A Shang week lasted ten days.

Look through the gallery and see if you can spot the following:

  • Map of Shang Dynasty
  • The military leader and ruler Tang of Shang
  • Drawing of a Shang palace or temple
  • A Bronze battle axe (Credit: Editor at Large, Wikipedia)
  • Jade carving of a buffalo

Gallery

About

The Shang Dynasty is the first historic dynasty of China. The river valley of the Yellow River provided a fertile area for this civilisation to develop. The area was forested and the Shang used wood to build their homes and public buildings; little has survived of their domestic architecture. Fortunately royal and other tombs have provided many clues as to life under the Shang. Artefacts such as beautifully carved jade and stone, bronze ritual vessels and weapons and domestic items such as the earliest glazed porcelain and woven silk testify to their levels of craftsmanship and artistry.

The Yellow River was unpredictable and prone to flooding. The remains of mud walls tell us about the struggle to keep back the waters of the river during times of flooding. Shang cities were surrounded by defensive walls and gates.

Most of the written evidence we have about the Shang comes from oracle bones, although some bronze and pottery goods also have inscriptions.

The Shang used wheeled carts for transport in times of peace and chariots for hunting and as a means of overseeing warfare. They also used canoes for local trade. Cowrie shells show they traded with coastal dwellers but they did not trade further afield. Roads enabled communication to be maintained between the city states.

The Dynasty lasted for six hundred years and encompassed the reign of thirty emperors.

The Shang are important because they left a legacy of Chinese culture that proved durable and long lasting. The hereditary dynastic succession that they set in place endured for millennia. The role of the family and importance of ancestors remain central to Chinese culture today. Their artistry, with bronze in particular, continues to be admired for its beauty and grace.

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