What is perpendicular?

When two lines are perpendicular, they are at right angles to each other.

All of these diagrams show pairs of lines that are perpendicular to each other.

Children learn about quarter, half and full turns in Key Stage 1, where they are usually encouraged to stand up and make turns to face objects in the classroom to give them an idea of what a quarter, half and full turn are.

Example geometry questions a Key Stage 2 child might come across are:

Tick the two shapes that have perpendicular lines:

In this case, they would need to tick the second and fourth shapes, as these have perpendicular lines (lines at right angles to each other).

Add two lines to this drawing to make a shape that has perpendicular lines:

Tick the shape that has a pair of perpendicular lines and an acute angle:

(They would need to tick the second shape.)

It is vital that children understand the concept of right angles to understand what perpendicular lines are.

It can take a while for children to get the hang of angles and getting them to stand up and make quarter, half and full turns can be a useful activity to keep repeating throughout their time in primary school, so that they are aware that a quarter turn is 90˚, a half turn is 180˚ and a full turn is 360˚.

In Year 3, when children first start learning about right angles, they are sometimes given a small, square piece of card, so that they can use the right-angled corner of this card to check whether a shape has a right angle or not. This can be a useful tool all the way through primary school!